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<title>Generative science</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Generative science</span></span>

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<p><b>Generative science</b> is an area of research that explores the natural <a href="World" title="World">world</a> and its complex behaviours. It explores ways "to generate apparently unanticipated and infinite behaviour based on <a href="Deterministic_automaton" title="Deterministic automaton">deterministic</a> and <a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">finite</a> rules and parameters reproducing or resembling the behavior of natural and social phenomena".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By modelling such interactions, it can suggest that properties exist in the system that had not been noticed in the real world situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ning-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example field of study is how <a href="Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> arise in social processes.

</p><p>Generative sciences often explore natural phenomena at several levels of organization.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidhuber_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidhuber-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organizing</a> natural systems are a central subject, studied both theoretically and by simulation experiments. The study of complex systems in general has been grouped under the heading of "<a href="General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">general systems theory</a>", particularly by <a href="Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a>, <a href="Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a>, <a href="Ralph_Gerard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Gerard">Ralph Gerard</a>, and <a href="Kenneth_Boulding" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_and_philosophical_origins">Scientific and philosophical origins</h2></div>

<p>The development of computers and <a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a> laid a technical foundation for the growth of the generative sciences. For example:

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<ul><li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automata</a> are mathematical representations of simple entities interacting under <a href="Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministic</a> rules to manifest complex behaviours. They can be used to model emergent processes of the physical universe, neural cognitive processes and social behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EpsteinAxtell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EpsteinAxtell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a href="Conway's_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a> is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1996 <a href="Joshua_M._Epstein" title="Joshua M. Epstein">Joshua M. Epstein</a> and <a href="Robert_Axtell" title="Robert Axtell">Robert Axtell</a> wrote the book <i>Growing Artificial Societies</i> which proposes a set of automaton rules and a system called <i><a href="Sugarscape" title="Sugarscape">Sugarscape</a></i> which models a population dependent on resources (called sugar).</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a> attempt to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although they are still several orders of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm. Advances in the understanding of the human brain often stimulate new patterns in neural networks.</li></ul>

<p>One of the most influential advances in the generative sciences as related to <a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> came from <a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s (1957) development of <a href="Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a>, which separated language generation from semantic content, and thereby revealed important questions about human language. It was also in the early 1950s that psychologists at the MIT including <a href="Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a>, <a href="Jacob_Levy_Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Levy Moreno">Jacob Levy Moreno</a> and <a href="Fritz_Heider" title="Fritz Heider">Fritz Heider</a> laid the foundations for <a href="Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">group dynamics</a> research which later developed into <a href="Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> analysis.

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<ul><li><a href="Generative_systems" title="Generative systems">Generative systems</a> – Technologies that can produce change driven by audiences</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGordana_Dodig-CrnkovicRaffaela_Giovagnoli2013" class="citation cs2">Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic; Raffaela Giovagnoli (2013), "Computing Nature – A Network of Networks of Concurrent Information Processes", in Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic; Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.), <i>Computing nature: Turing centenary perspective</i>, Springer, p. 7, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-37225-4</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ning_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNing_NanErik_W._JohnstonJudith_S._Olson2008" class="citation cs2">Ning Nan; Erik W. Johnston; Judith S. Olson (2008), "Unintended consequences of collocation: using agent-based modeling to untangle effects of communication delay and in-group favor", <i>Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory</i>, <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>83, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10588-008-9024-4">10.1007/s10588-008-9024-4</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:397177">397177</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarre1997" class="citation journal cs1">Farre, G. L. (1997). "The Energetic Structure of Observation: A Philosophical Disquisition". <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>40</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">717–</span>728. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764297040006004">10.1177/0002764297040006004</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144764570">144764570</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Schmidhuber-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidhuber_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Schmidhuber. (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9904050">A computer scientist's view of life, the universe, and everything</a>. Foundations of Computer Science: Potential – Theory – Cognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 201–208, Springer</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Cuntz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann Cuntz (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fimage.pcbi.v06.i08">"PLoS Computational Biology Issue Image | Vol. 6(8) August 2010"</a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (8): ev06.ei08. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fimage.pcbi.v06.i08">10.1371/image.pcbi.v06.i08</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Kenrick-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKenrickLiButner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kenrick, DT; Li, NP; Butner, J (2003). "Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>110</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>28. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.526.5218">10.1.1.526.5218</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.110.1.3">10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529056">12529056</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43306158">43306158</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EpsteinAxtell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EpsteinAxtell_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinAxtell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Joshua_M._Epstein" title="Joshua M. Epstein">Epstein, Joshua M.</a>; <a href="Robert_Axtell" title="Robert Axtell">Axtell, Robert L.</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224"><i>Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up</i></a></span>. Cambridge MA: MIT/Brookings Institution. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224">224</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-55025-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nowak-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNowak_A.Vallacher_R.R.Tesser_A.Borkowski_W.2000" class="citation cs2">Nowak A.; Vallacher R.R.; Tesser A.; Borkowski W. (2000), "Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure", <i>Psychological Review</i>, <b>107</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>61, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.107.1.39">10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.39</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10687402">10687402</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Epstein-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein_J.M.1999" class="citation cs2">Epstein J.M. (1999), "Agent Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science", <i>Complexity</i>, <b>4</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>60, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Cmplx...4e..41E">1999Cmplx...4e..41E</a>, <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.353.5950">10.1.1.353.5950</a></span>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0526%28199905%2F06%294%3A5%3C41%3A%3AAID-CPLX9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F">10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<41::AID-CPLX9>3.0.CO;2-F</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/">John Conway's Game of Life</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html">http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409235016/http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html">Archived</a> 2005-04-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Artificial Societies, Virtual Worlds and the Shared Problems and Possibilities of Emergence)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS.html">http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS.html</a> (The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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